Vocabulary+Q4



**Study Guide: Elective Vocabulary List 4**

**1 abridged**  adj. shortened or lessened. //Reader’s Digest publishes abridged versions of long books.//

**2 advocate**  (AD-vo-CATE) vt. to plead or argue for. //He advocates school reform// . (AD-vo-ket) n. one who pleads for a cause, esp. a lawyer. //He is an advocate for school reform.//

**3 alacrity**  n. cheerful promptness. //Waiters who work with alacrity receive better tips.//

**4 anarchy**  n. absence or disregard of government. //The rebellion led to anarchy.//

**5 apprise** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to inform. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The general’s aides apprised him of developments on the battlefield.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**6 assess** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to determine the amount of (esp. of a tax); to judge. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Experts assessed the damage.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**7 augment** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to make bigger. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//She babysat the neighbors’ children to augment her allowance.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**8 bestial** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (BESS- or BEAST-chul) adj. of or like a beast. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//When human beings are denied freedom and dignity, we should not be surprised if their behavior becomes bestial.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**9 capricious** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (ca-PRISH-us or ca-PREE-shus) adj. governed by caprice: impulsive, unpredictable. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//My capricious friend has a new career plan each week// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**10 charlatan** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (SHAR-luh-ten) n. quack, phony, pretender. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The fortune teller is a mere charlatan.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**11 citadel** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> n. fortress. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Invading armies could not penetrate the citadel.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**12 commiserate** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vi. to feel or express sympathy. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//She commiserated with me on my bad test grade.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**13 conciliate** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to appease; to gain favor by friendly acts. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The President will not conciliate terrorists// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**14 contaminate** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to corrupt. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Chemicals contaminated the water supply.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**15 credulous** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. gullible. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Credulous Aunt Polly believes the lies of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**16 degeneration** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> n. worsening; deterioration. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Drugs caused his moral and physical degeneration.// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**17 deportment** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> n. bearing, manner (not to be confused with deportation, “banishment from a country”). <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Our kumu hula instructed us on the proper deportment as we enter and exit the stage.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**18 devious** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. sneakily indirect. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Burglars used a devious scheme to distract the palace guards.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**19 discordant** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. 1. harsh-sounding. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The untuned instruments sounded discordant notes.// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2. disagreeing. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The club’s stubborn president closed his ears to discordant opinions// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**20 disparage** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to speak of slightingly. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Out of jealousy he disparages my school.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**21 duration** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> n. continuance in time; the time something lasts. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//He served for the duration of the war.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**22 elicit** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to draw forth (not to be confused with illicit, illegal). <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Sharp questions elicited the truth// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**23 encore** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (ON-CORE) n. additional performance in response to demand. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The singer gave an encore// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**24 entice** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to lure, attract, tempt. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Ads entice consumers with misleading promises.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**25 estrange** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to cause hostility between people who were close. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Misunderstandings estranged him from his wife.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**26 exertion** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> n. effort, strain, use. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Jogging requires little exertion.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**27 extrapolate** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (ek-STRAP-uh-late) vt. to infer from known data. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//I extrapolated a forecast from past results// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**28 feint** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> n. a feigned blow used to mislead. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The athlete made a feint to his left and cut to the right// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. vt. to make a feint. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//He feinted to the left.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**29 formidable** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (FOR-mid-able or for-MID-able) adj. causing fear, discouragement, or awe. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Mount Everest presents a formidable challenge for any mountain climber.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**30 giddy** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. 1. dizzy. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Heights make me giddy// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. 2. lightheartedly silly. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Puppy love made her giddy// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**31 heinous** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (HAY-ness) adj. shockingly evil. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Terrorists committed heinous crimes// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**32 impromptu** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adv. unplanned. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//I spoke impromptu// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. adj. unplanned. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//I gave an impromptu talk// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**33 inception** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> n. beginning, origin. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Our community fair has grown since its inception ten years ago.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**34 incidental** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. accidental; as a minor consequence. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Taxi fare is an incidental expense// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**35 indigenous** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. occurring naturally in an area. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Sea turtles are indigenous to Hawaii.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**36 innovation** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> n. 1. the introduction of something new. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The Dean encourages innovation by teachers// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. 2. a novelty. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The first cordless phone seemed a startling innovation.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**37 inured** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. accustomed to something undesirable. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The laborer was inured to aches and pains.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**38 invulnerable** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. impossible to harm. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Achilles was invulnerable in battle except in his heel.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**39 lithe** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. easily or gracefully flexible <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//. The ballet dancer was as lithe as a vine.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**40 materialize** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vi. to come into physical existence. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Without leadership, the plan never materialized.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**41 mundane** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. dull, ordinary <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//. The supposed ghost was actually something mundane: a stray cat.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**42 nullify** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to counteract the value or force of. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//A penalty on the offense nullified the touchdown.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**43 ostentatious** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. showy. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Ostentatious display of his trophies offended visitors to his home.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**44 parsimony** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> n. thrift, stinginess. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Out of parsimony, he makes us share one outdated computer.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**45 peremptory** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (per-REMP-tuh-ree) adj. in an arrogantly commanding manner; admitting no dissent. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Without even listening he gave a peremptory refusal.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**46 philistine** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> (often capitalized) n. a materialist who disdains culture and ideas. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The new owner is a philistine who tore down a historic building to build a shopping mall.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**47 potent** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. powerful. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The potent pesticide solved the termite problem.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**48 precipitous** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. steep. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The Nu’uanu Pali is a precipitous cliff.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**49 preposterous** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. absurd. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The idea of naming a kindergartner Principal is preposterous.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**50 prolong** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to lengthen. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Tell me now instead of prolonging the agony.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**51 recalcitrant** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. stubbornly disobedient. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The recalcitrant prisoners defied the guards’ orders.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**52 recuperate** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to regain health <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//. It takes months to recuperate from knee surgery.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**53 renegade** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> n. deserter, rebel. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The political renegade ran for office against former colleagues// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**54 reserve** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> n. 1. something stored for future use <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//. I keep a reserve of tissue on hand.// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2. restraint, caution. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//His reserve makes me think he is hiding something// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. vt. 1. to hold back, set aside <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//. I reserved a table// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**55 robust** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. vigorously healthy; hearty. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//After a summer of daily exercise, he looked robust.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**56 savory** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. tasty. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Spices make food savory.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**57 slavish** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. slavelike: basely subservient or imitative. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//They are slavish followers of fashion trends.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**58 squalor** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> n. filth and misery. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Social workers were shocked by the squalor in the ghetto.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**59 stringent** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. strict with regard to rule or standard. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The school has stringent admission standards.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**60 subsidize** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to support financially. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The government subsidizes industries it wishes to promote.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**61 surpass** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> vt. to exceed; to become greater than. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The brilliant student surpassed all expectations.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**62 tenacious** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. 1. persistent. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//A tenacious worker never quits.// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> 2. clinging. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Burs are tenacious.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**63 unctuous** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. falsely flattering or earnest. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//His unctuous compliments made me suspicious.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**64 venal** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> adj. open to bribery; mercenary. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Venal politicians promise favors for their supporters.//

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**65 vivacity** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> n. liveliness. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The vivacity of her personality makes her a pleasant hostess.//